ECOPOLÍTICA E SEGURANÇA GLOBAL: DO DISCURSO ÀS PRÁTICAS POLÍTICAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/eps.3.1.106Palavras-chave:
Ecopolítica, segurança humana, sustentabilidade, antropocentrismoResumo
O discurso ecopolítico entrou no campo teórico-ideológico da política contemporânea, primeiramente como refutação da ordem estabelecida e discurso à margem dessa ordem, tendo a sua expressão pública chegado posteriormente até aos movimentos sociais de contestação. Progressivamente, constituiu-se como força política com expressão partidária e acabou por chegar ao coração dos sistemas políticos e da agenda política contemporânea. O artigo foca, num primeiro passo, a construção do discurso ecopolítico e sua divulgação; num segundo, a sua expressão no campo das políticas públicas, com particular ênfase na dimensão securitária internacional e global. A ecopolítica contribui para a alteração do paradigma da segurança internacional, do seu modelo tradicional, de pendor realista e centrado na segurança nacional, para um modelo novo, centrado na segurança humana e na sustentabilidade global. O artigo encerra com uma revisão de cruzamentos entre o securitário e o ambiental, nas práticas políticas de segurança internacional.
Referências
Barry, J. (2012). The Politics of Actually Existing Unsustainability: Human Flourishing in a Climate Changed, Carbon-Constrained World. Oxford: Oxford University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695393.001.0001
Barry, J. (2014). Green Political Theory. In V. Geoghegan and R. Wilford (eds.). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. London: Routlege, pp. 153-178.
Beck, U. (2017). The Metamorphosis of the World: How Climate Change is Transforming Our Concept of the World. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Castro, J. (1946). Geografia da Fome. Rio de Janeiro: O Cruzeiro.
Clark, T. (2015). Ecocriticism on the Edge: The Anthropocene as a Threshold Concept. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
Dalby, S. (2008). Environmental Change. In P. Williams (ed.). Security Studies: An Introduction. London: Routledge, pp. 260-273.
Dalby, S. (2009). Security and Environmental Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Defarges, P. (2003). Introdução à geopolítica. Lisboa: Gradiva.
DesJardins, J. (1998). Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics. 17: 8, pp. 825-838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005719707880
Dobson, A. (2007). Green Political Thought. 4th ed. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203964620
Environmental Law Institute and UNEP (2018). Environmental Security and Sustaining Peace. Retrieved from https://www.epmooc.org/
EPA-Environmental Peacebuilding Association (2018). Environmental Peacebuilding, Retrieved from https://environmentalpeacebuilding.org/
FFP-Fund For Peace (2018). Fragile States Index. [Website]. Retrieved from http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/
Gahrton, P. (2015). Green Parties, Green Future: From Local Groups to the International Stage. London: Pluto Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p8rr
Goodin, R. (1992). Green Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hough, P. (2015). Environmental Security. In P. Hough et al. International Security Studies. Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, pp. 211-224.
Hough, P. (2014). Environmental Security. An Introduction. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315882505
Kaldor, M. (2007). New & Old Wars. 2nd ed., Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Koops, J. et al. (eds.) (2017). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Leonard, L. (2010). Introduction: The Background to Global Ecopolitics. In L. Leonard and J. Barry (eds.). Global Ecological Politics. Bingley: Emerald Pub., pp. 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2041-806X(2010)0000005005
Leonard, L and Barry, J. (eds.) (2010). Global Ecological Politics. Bingley: Emerald Pub. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2041-806X(2010)5
Luke, T. (1997). Ecocritique: Contesting the Politics of Nature, Economy, and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Malik, S. (2015). Human Security. In P. Hough et al. International Security Studies. Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, pp. 57-71.
McNeill, J-R. and Engelke, P. (2014). The Great Acceleration: An Environmental History of the Anthropocene since 1945. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674970731
MINUSCA (2018). Mandate. Retrieved from https://minusca.unmissions.org/en/mandate
MONUSCO (2018). Mine Action. Retrieved from https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/mine-action-operational-activities
Moore, J-W. (2016). Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism. The ORB. 1. Binghamton University, Sociology Faculty Scholarship.
MSC-Munich Security Conference (2018). Munich Security Report 2018. To the Brink – and Back? Retrieved from https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/munichsecurityreport2018-1.pdf
Pilbeam, B. (2015). The United Nations and the responsibility to protect. In P. Hough et al. International Security Studies. Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, pp. 287-305.
Prins, G. e Stamp, R. (1991). Top Guns and Toxic Whales: The Environment and Global Security. London: Earthscan.
Scheffran, J. et al. (eds.) (2012). Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Challenges for Societal Stability. Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28626-1
Serres, M. (1995). The natural contract. Ann Harbour: University of Michigan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9725
Toke, D. (1999). Epistemic Communities and Environmental Groups. Politics. 19: 2, pp. 97-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00091
UNDP-United Nations Development Programme (1994). Human Development Report. 1994. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf
UNDP-United Nations Development Programme (n.d.). About Human Development. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev
UNEP and UNDP-United Nations Environment Programme and United Nations Development Programme (2013). The Role of Natural Resources in Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration. Addressing Risks and Seizing Opportunities. Retrieved from https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_UNDP_NRM_DDR.pdf
UNEP-United Nations Environment Programme (n.d.). [website]. Retrieved from http://www.unenvironment.org/about-un-environment
UN-GA-United Nations General Assembly (2001). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. Observance of the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict. 13.11.2001. A/RES/56/4. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/56/4
UN-GA-United Nations General Assembly (2012). Resolution 66/290, adopted by the General Assembly on 10 September 2012. Retrieved from https://undocs.org/A/RES/66/290
UNHSU- United Nations Human Security Unit (n.d.). Human Security Unit. [Website] Retrieved from https://www.un.org/humansecurity/human-security-unit/
UN-SC-United Nations Security Council (2011). Statement by the President of the Security Council. 20/07/2011. S/PRST/2011/15. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PRST/2011/15
UN-SC-United Nations Security Council (2018). Statement by the President of the Security Council. 30/01/2018. S/PRST/2018/3. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PRST/2018/3
UN-United Nations (n.d.). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs
WCED-World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Weiss, T. and Gordenker, L. (eds.) (1996). NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance. London: Lynne Rienner Pub. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685855987
World Bank (2018). Confronting the Development Challenges of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence. World Bank Research Digest, 12: 3. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/423831526995828804/pdf/Research-Digest-Spring-2018.pdf
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
