What is the justifiable demos of a referendum on state secession?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/eps.5.1.135Palavras-chave:
Secessão, referendos, demos, princípio de todos os afetados, princípio de todos os sujeitos, saída, não-dominaçãoResumo
A prática comum em matéria de concessão de direito de voto para efeitos de referendos sobre a
secessão de um estado é a de conferir esse direito apenas aos residentes na unidade secessionista,
ao passo que referendos relativos a secessões urbanas são frequentemente mais abrangentes, ao
atribuírem o direito de pronúncia a todos os residentes no município sob ameaça de secessão. Este
artigo analisa a justificabilidade de uma prática mais excludente no âmbito estatal a partir de dois
princípios de delimitação do demos, nomeadamente o princípio da inclusão de todos os afectados
e o princípio da inclusão de todos os sujeitos [à ação estatal]. O argumento deste artigo é o de que
ambos os princípios legitimam um demos totalmente inclusivo nos dois âmbitos [estatal e
municipal]. No entanto, um demos deste tipo acarreta um risco considerável de dominação da
minoria separatista pela maioria no âmbito estatal, risco esse que é muito menor no âmbito
municipal. Argumenta-se que este é um argumento definitivo contra a aplicação destes princípios
aquando de referendos sobre secessão de estados; e a favor da manutenção das atuais práticas de
concessão de direito de voto.
Referências
Arrhenius, G. (2005). The boundary problem in democratic theory. In F. Tersman (Ed.), Democracy unbound: Basic explorations I. Stockholm University.
Arrhenius, G. (2018). The democratic boundary problem reconsidered. Ethics, Politics and Society, 1, 89–122. https://doi.org/10.21814/EPS.1.1.52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21814/eps.1.1.52
Arrighi, J-T. (2019). ‘The People, Year Zero’: Secessionism and citizenship in Scotland and Catalonia. Ethnopolitics, 18(3), 278–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1585091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1585091
Bauböck, R. (2019). A multi-level theory of democratic secession. Ethnopolitics, 18(3), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1585088 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1585088
Beckman, L. (2006). Citizenship and voting rights: Should resident aliens vote?. Citizenship Studies, 10(2), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020600633093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020600633093
Beckman, L. (2014). The subjects of collectively binding decisions: Democratic inclusion and extraterritorial law. Ratio Juris, 27(2), 252–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/raju.12038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/raju.12038
Beckman, L., & Hultin Rosenberg, J. (2018). Freedom as non-domination and democratic inclusion. Res Publica, 24(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-016-9348-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-016-9348-8
Boudreau, J-A., & Keil, R. (2001). Seceding from responsibility? Secession movements in Los Angeles. Urban Studies, 38(10), 1701–1731.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120084822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120084822
Briffault, R. (1992). Voting rights, home rule, and metropolitan governance: The secession of Staten Island as a case study in the dilemmas of local self-determination. Columbia Law Review, 92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1122970
Buchanan, A. (1991). Secession. The morality of political divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania. Westview Press.
Buchanan, A. (2004). Justice, legitimacy and self-determination. Moral foundations for international Law. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0198295359.001.0001
Catalan News. (2019, November, 21). Half of Spaniards outside Catalonia would accept result of agreed referendum, says poll. Catalan News. www.catalannews.com/politics/item/half-of-spaniards-outside-catalonia-would-accept-result-of-agreed-referendum-says-poll
Centre on Constitutional Change. (2014). The English favour a hard line with Scotland [Press release].
Dahl, R. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. Phoenix Books.
Dahl, R. (1989). Democracy and its critics. Yale University Press.
Erman, E. (2014). The boundary problem and the ideal of democracy. Constellations, 21(4), 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12116
Flanagan, R., & Kramer, D. (2012). Staten Island: Conservative bastion in a liberal city. University Press of America.
Gauthier, D. (1994). Breaking up: An essay on secession. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 24(3), 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1994.10717374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1994.10717374
Goodin, R. (2007). Enfranchising all affected interests, and its alternatives. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 35(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2007.00098.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2007.00098.x
Held, D. (1995). Democracy and the global order: From the modern state to cosmopolitan governance. Stanford University Press.
Hogen-Esch, T., & Saiz, M. (2001). An anatomy of defeat: Why San Fernando Valley failed to secede from Los Angeles. California Policy Issues, Nov., 39–66.
Hume, D. (1894). Essays, Moral, Political, Literary. G. Routledge & Sons.
Lovett, F. (2010). A general theory of domination and justice. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579419.001.0001
McGann, A. (2006). The logic of democracy. University of Michigan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.189565
McGarry, J., & Moore, M. (2011). Secession and domination. In A. Pavkovic & P. Radan (Eds.), The Ashgate research companion to secession. Ashgate.
Miller, D. (2009). Democracy’s domain. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 37(3), 201–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2009.01158.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2009.01158.x
Miller, D. (2010). Why immigrant controls are not coercive: A reply to Arash Abizadeh. Political Theory, 38(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591709348194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591709348194
Miller, N. R. (1983). Pluralism and social choice. The American Political Science Review, 77(3), 734–747. https://doi.org/10.2307/1957271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1957271
Oklopcic, Z. (2012). Constitutional (re)vision: Sovereign peoples, new constituent powers, and the formation of constitutional orders in the Balkans. Constellations, 19(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2011.00667.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2011.00667.x
Owen, D. (2012). Constituting the polity, constituting the demos: on the place of the all affected interests principle in democratic theory and in resolving the democratic boundary problem. Ethics and Global Politics, 5(3), 129–152. https://doi.org/10.3402/egp.v5i3.18617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3402/egp.v5i3.18617
Pettit, P. (1997). Republicanism. A theory of freedom and government. Oxford University Press.
Pettit, P. (2012). On the people’s terms: A republican theory and model of democracy. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139017428
Qvortrup, M. (2012). The history of ethno-national referendums 1791–2011. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 18(1), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2012.654081 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2012.654081
Radan, P. (2012). Secessionist referenda in international and domestic law. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 18(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2012.654083 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2012.654083
Reinikainen, J. (2019). What is the democratic approach to plebiscitary secessionism?. Ethnopolitics, 18(2), 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1591044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1591044
Shapiro, I. (2012). On non-domination. University of Toronto Law Journal, 62(3), 293–336. https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.62.3.293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/utlj.62.3.293
Sager, A. (2014). Political rights, republican freedom, and temporary workers. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 17(2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2012.733586 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2012.733586
SOU. (1993:90). Lokal demokrati i utveckling: Slutbetänkande av lokaldemokratikommittén [The development of local democracy: Final report of the Local Democracy Committee]. Allmänna förlaget.
Stjepanovic, D., & Tierney, S. (2019). The right to vote: Constitutive referendums and regional citizenship. Ethnopolitics, 18(3), 264–277.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1585090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2019.1585090
Whelan, F. G. (1983). Prologue: Democratic theory and the boundary problem. In R. Pennock & J. W. Chapman (Eds.), Liberal Democracy (pp. 13–47). New York University Press.
Ziegler, R., Shaw, J., & Bauböck, R. (2014). Independence referendums: Who should vote and who should be offered citizenship (Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS 2014/90). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2494832 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2494832
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
