Eye tracking sentences in language education

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.739

Palavras-chave:

Rastreamento ocular, Período, Leitura, Educação linguística, Metacognição

Resumo

The present study reports and discusses the use of eye tracking qualitative data (static and dynamic gaze plots and heatmaps) in reading workshops in a middle school and in Generative Syntax and Sentence Processing courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Both endeavors take the sentential level as the proper object to be metacognitively explored in language education in order to develop innate science forming capacity and knowledge of language. In both projects non-discrepant qualitative eye tracking data collected and quantitatively analyzed in psycholinguistic studies carried out in LAPEX-UFRJ (Experimental Psycholinguistics Laboratory of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) were displayed to students as a point of departure, triggering discussions. Active, problem-solving based methodologies were employed with the objective of stimulating student participation. The article also discusses the importance of developing full literacy, epistemic vigilance and intellectual self-defense in an infodemic world.

Referências

Amaral, L., Maia, M.., Nevins, A., & Roeper, T. (2018). Recursion across domains (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108290708

Braynerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2012). Domains of Fuzzy Trace Theory. In M. L. Howe & R. Pasnak (Orgs.), Emerging themes in Cognitive Development Theory: Volume I – Foundations (pp. 50–93). New York: Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9220-0_3

Chomsky, N. (1973). Conditions on transformations. In S. Anderson & P. Kiparsky (Eds.), A festschrift for Morris Halle (pp. 232-286). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Chomsky, N. (1977) On Wh-Movement. In P. Culicover, T. Wasow, & A. Akmajian (Eds.), Formal Syntax (pp. 71–132). New York: Academic Press.

Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use. New York: Praeger.

Chomsky, N. (1988). Language and problems of knowledge: The Managua Lectures. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Chomsky, N. (2004). On miseducation. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Chomsky, N. (2016). What kind of creatures are we?. New York: Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/chom17596

Clay, V., König, P., & König, S. (2019). Eye tracking in Virtual Reality. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.1.3

Coulacoglou, C., & Saklofske, D.H. (2017). Psychometrics and psychological assessment. Cambridge: Academic Press.

Culioli, A. (1968). La formalisation en linguistique. Cahiers pour l'Analyse, 9, 106–117.

De Villiers. J.G., & De Villiers, P.A. (1999). Language development. In M. Bornstein & M. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook (2nd ed., pp. 313–373). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Duch, B. J., Groh, S. E., & Allen, D. E. (Eds.). (2001). The power of problem-based learning. Sterling, VA: Stylus.

Duchowski, A. T. (2002). A breadth-first survey of eye tracking applications. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(4), 455–470. htpps://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195475

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906–911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906

Franchi, C. (2002). Linguagem – atividade constitutiva. Revista do GEL (número especial), 37-74.

Franchi, C. (2006). Mas o que é mesmo ‘gramática’?. São Paulo: Parábola.

Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982). Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements and the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 14 (2), 178–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(82)90008-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(82)90008-1

Frith, U., & Happe, F. (1999). Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind and Language, 14(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00100

Gallego, A.J., & Chomsky, N. (2020). The Faculty of Language: A biological object, a window into the mind, and a bridge across disciplines. Revista de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística, 2020.

Garcia, M. G., Sisla, H.C. (2020). Atividades epilinguísticas e práticas pedagógicas. Revista de Educação (PUCCAMP), 25, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0870v25e2020a4904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0870v25e2020a4904

Groenendijk, T., Janssen, T., Rijlaarsdam, G., & van den Bergh, H. (2013). Learning to be creative. The effects of observational learning on students’ design products and processes. Learning and Instruction, 28, 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.05.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.05.001

Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?. Science, 298(5598), 1569–1579. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5598.1569

Honda, M., & O’ Neil, W. (1993). Linguistic inquiry in the science classroom: "It is science, but it's not like a science problem in a book” (MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics, No. 6). Cambridge: MITWPL.

Honda, M., & O’ Neil, W. (2008). Thinking linguistically: A scientific approach to language. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Huey, E.B. (1908). The psychology and pedagogy of reading. New York: Macmillan.

Hyöna, J., Lorch, R. F. Jr., & Kaakinen, J. K. (2002). Individual differences in reading to summarize expository text: Evidence from eye fixation patterns. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.44 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.1.44

Javal, E. (1879). Essai sur la physiologie de la lecture. Annales D’Oculistique,

, 242–253.

Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading from eye fixations to

comprehension. Psychological Review, 87(4), 329–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329

Kovesdi, C., Spielman, Z., LeBlanc, K., & Rice, B. (2017). Application of eye tracking for measurement and evaluation in human factors studies in control room modernization. Nuclear Technology, 202(2-3). https://doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2018.1455461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00295450.2018.1455461

Lewis, S., & Phillips, C. (2015). Aligning grammatical theories and language processing models. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 44(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-014-9329-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-014-9329-z

Lobato, L. (2003, December). O que o professor de ensino básico deve saber de Lingüística?. Presented at 2a Reunião Regional da Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência (SBPC), Fortaleza, Brasil

Mahdavi, M. (2014). An overview: Metacognition in education. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Current Research, 2, 529–535.

Maia, M., Franchetto, B., Storto, L., & Sandalo, F. (2002). A construção do conhecimento lingüístico: Do saber do falante à pesquisa. Cadernos de Educação Escolar Indígena, 1(1), p. 47–78.

Maia, M. (2006). Manual de linguística: Subsídios para formação de professores indígenas na área de linguagem. Brasília: UNESCO/MEC.

Maia, M. (2014a). Teoria gramatical, processamento de frases e sintaxe experimental. Revista da ABRALIN, 13(2), 93–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5380/rabl.v13i2.39612

Maia, M. (2014b). Efeito da lacuna preenchida e plausibilidade semântica no processamento de frases em Português Brasileiro. Cadernos de Letras da UFF, 49, 23-46. https://doi.org/10.22409/cadletrasuff.2014n49a5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22409/cadletrasuff.2014n49a5

Maia, M. (2016). A computational efficiency principle in action in the processing of recursively embedded PPs in Brazilian Portuguese and in Karajá. Gragoatá, 21(40), 157-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.v21i40.33379

Maia, M., Moura, A. R. A., & Souza, M. (2016). Ilhas sintáticas e plausibilidade semântica: Um estudo de rastreamento ocular de frases com lacunas preenchidas em português brasileiro. Scripta, 20, 293–311. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2358-3428.2016v20n38p287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2358-3428.2016v20n38p287

Maia, M. (2019a). Pensando (Psico)linguisticamente, experimentalmente, educacionalmente. In E. Pilati, R. Naves & H. Salles. (Orgs.), Novos olhares para a gramática na sala de aula: Questões para estudantes, professores e pesquisadores (pp. 93–118). Campinas: Editora Pontes.

Maia, M. (Org.). (2019b). Psicolinguística e metacognição na escola. Campinas: Mercado de Letras.

Maia, M., & Nascimento, G. (2020). Anomalias de forma e de conteúdo em Português Brasileiro: Um estudo preliminar de rastreamento ocular da leitura e de avaliação de aceitabilidade. Cadernos De Tradução, 40, 45–73. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2020v40nesp2p45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2020v40nesp2p45

Mason, L., Pluchino, P., & Tornatora, M. C. (2015). Using eye tracking technology as an indirect instruction tool to improve text and picture processing and learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 47(6), 1083–1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12271 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12271

Metcalfe, J. (2008). Evolution of metacognition. In J. Dunlosky & R. Bjork (Eds.), Handbook of metamemory and memory (pp. 29–46). New York: Psychology Press.

Morais, J. (2017). Literacy and democracy. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(3), 351–372, https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2017.1305116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2017.1305116

DIACRÍTICA, Vol. 36, n.º 1, 2022, pp. 6–36. DOI: doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.739 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.739

Oxford English Dictionary. (2019). WYSIWYG. In Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191884276.001.0001/acref-9780191884276-e-3582?rskey=S5OPsH&result=1

Pilati, E. (2017). Linguística, gramática e aprendizagem ativa (1st ed.) Campinas: Pontes.

Pilati, E., Vicente, H.G., Naves, R., & Lima-Salles, H. M. M. (Orgs.). (2014). Linguística e ensino de línguas (1st ed.) Brasília: UnB, v. 2.

Rayner, K (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3): 372–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372

Ribeiro, A. J. C. (2012). Late closure e good-enough no processamento de frases garden-path do português do Brasil: Evidências de eyetracking. Revista Virtual de Estudos da Linguagem, 10, 84–106.

Roeper, T. & Oseki, Y. (2018). Recursion in the acquisition path for hierarchical syntactic structure. In L. Amaral, M. Maia, A. Nevins & T. Roeper (Eds.), Recursion across domains (pp. 267–278). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108290708.016

Roeper, T. Maia, M., & Pilati, E. (2020). Experimentando linguística na escola: Conhecimento gramatical, leitura e escrita. Campinas: Pontes.

Santos, S. L. (2019). Relações causais e o uso dos conectivos ‘porque” e “já que”: contribuições da psicolinguística para a educação (Tese de Doutorado, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro).

Schroeder, S., Hyönä, J., & Liversedge, S. (2015). Developmental eye tracking research in reading: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(5), 500–510.https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2015.1046877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2015.1046877

Scott, C. M. (2009). A case for the sentence in reading comprehension. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40(2), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2008/08-0042) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2008/08-0042)

Sperber, D., Clément, F., Heintz, C., Mascaro, O., Mercier, H., Origgi, G., & Wilson, D. (2010). Epistemic vigilance. Mind & Language, 25(4), 359–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01394.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01394.x

Stowe, L. (1986). Parsing wh–constructions: Evidence for on–line gap location. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1(3), 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690968608407062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01690968608407062

Tankersley, K. (2003). The threads of reading: Strategies for literacy development. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum development.

Tankersley, K. (2005). Literacy strategies for grades 4-12: Reinforcing the threads of reading. Alexandria, Va: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Vyshedskiy, A. (2019). Language evolution to revolution: The leap from rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to recursive language 70,000 years ago was associated with acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called Prefrontal Synthesis, enabled by a mutation that slowed down the prefrontal cortex maturation simultaneously in two or more children – the Romulus and Remus hypothesis. Research Ideas and Outcomes, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e38546 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e38546

Vyshedskiy, A., Mahapatra, S., & Dunn, R. (2017). Linguistically deprived children: Metaanalysis of published research underlines the importance of early syntactic language use for normal brain development. Research Ideas and Outcomes, 3. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e20696

Wagers, M.W., & Phillips, C. (2009). Multiple dependencies and the role of the grammar in real-time comprehension. Journal of Linguistics, 45, 395–433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226709005726 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226709005726

WHO. (2020, June 25). First WHO Infodemiology Conference. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2020/06/30/default-calendar/1st-who-infodemiology-conference.

Wright, R.D., & Ward, L.M. (2008). Orienting of attention. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.

Downloads

Publicado

30-06-2022

Como Citar

Marcus. (2022). Eye tracking sentences in language education. Diacrítica, 36(1), 6–36. https://doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.739

Edição

Secção

Artigos Temáticos