The stereotyped image of Chinese people in Portuguese chronicles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.5129Keywords:
Cross-cultural communication, Media, Prejudice, StereotypeAbstract
Stereotypes and prejudices, generalizations created by cultures about, above all, other cultures, allow the differentiation and separation between them, sometimes leading to problems of acceptance and adaptation. The media is part of daily life of any member of a society and is now indispensable for the transmission of knowledge within and between communities. Information transmission sometimes relies on the use of stereotypes and prejudices to influence the public to a certain opinion, or simply to help the understanding of an event through what is already known about it. In this context, this article intends to find out if and how the Portuguese media, in particular the journalistic chronicle, transmit and maintain stereotypes and prejudices about China and the Chinese. In this study, the concepts and theories related to the media, stereotypes and prejudices are presented, thus providing a theoretical basis for the analysis of selected texts retrieved from Portuguese magazines. It is supposed that through the use of language authors of chronicles, who are influenced by Chinese stereotypes, may project their opinions in their readers, as we can find throughout the discourse analysis.
References
A Porteira (2016, 21 novembro). Eu sei lá se são os chineses.... Sábado. Consultado em setembro 28, 2019, em https://www.sabado.pt/opiniao/convidados/a-porteira/detalhe/eu-sei-la-se-sao-os-chineses
A Porteira (2019, 21 fevereiro). As mulheres, os salários iguais e o fim do mundo em cuecas. Sábado. Consultado a 28 de setembro 2019, em https://www.sabado.pt/opiniao/ convidados/a-porteira/detalhe/as-mulheres-os-salarios-iguais-e-o-fim-do-mundo-em-cuecas
Araújo Pereira, R. (2018, 25 outubro). Electricidade comprada no chinês. Visão. Consultado a 26 setembro 2019, em http://visao.sapo.pt/opiniao/ricardo-araujo-pereira/2018-10-25-Electricidade-comprada-no-chines
Anscombre, J.-C., & Ducrot, O. (1983). L’Argumentation dans la langue. Bruxelas: Mardaga.
Baldwin, J. R. (2017). Culture, prejudice, racism, and discrimination. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication, 1, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/ 9780190228613.013.164
Barbosa, D. (1946). Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente. Lisboa: Agência Geral das Colónias.
Chapman, L. J. (1967). Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6(1), 151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80066-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80066-5
Cruz, G. da. (1996). Tratado em que, se contam muito por extenso as cousas da China. Macau: Museu Marítimo : Instituto de Promoção do Comércio e do Desenvolvimento de Macau.
DeFleur, M., & Ball-Rockeach, S. (1993). Teorias da comunicação de massa. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
Garcia, D. (2015, 1 dezembro) Não há fatos italianos baratos. Sábado. Consultado a 28 setembro 2019, em https://www.sabado.pt/opiniao/cronistas/dulce-garcia/detalhe/nao-ha-fatos-italianos-baratos
Há registo de mortes de chineses em Portugal? (2019). Vídeo. Portugal: SIC Notícias. Consultado a 18 de julho 2019 em https://sicnoticias.pt/programas/poligrafo/2019-07-01-Ha-registo-de-mortes-de-chineses-em-Portugal-
Hobden, K. L., & Olson, J. M. (1994). From jest to antipathy: Disparagement humor as a source of dissonance-motivated attitude change. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15(3), 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1503_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1503_2
Kan, M. (2004). Stereotypes in comedy: harm or humor? The Michigan Daily, Consultado a 19 de outubro 2019 em https://www.michigandaily.com/content/stereotypes-comedy-harm-or-humor
Lasswell, H. D. (2007). The structure and function of communication in society. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 24, 215–228.
Lippmann, W. (1998). Public opinion (2.a ed.). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Lobo Antunes, A. (2018, 31 outubro). A viagem à China. Visão. Consultado a 27 setembro 2019, em https://visao.sapo.pt/opiniao/a/antonio-lobo-antunes/2018-10-31-a-viagem-a-china/
Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G. (1989). Language use in intergroup contexts: The linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 981–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.981 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.981
Maio, G. R., Olson, J. M., & Bush, J. E. (1997). Telling jokes that disparage social groups: Effects on the joke teller’s stereotypes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(22), 1986–2000. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01636.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01636.x
Mastro, D. (2009). Effects of racial and ethnic stereotyping. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 325–341). Nova Iorque: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203877111-22
Matias, A. (2007). Imagens e estereótipos da sociedade portuguesa sobre a comunidade chinesa: interacção multissecular via Macau. (Dissertação de mestrado, Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e das Empresas, Lisboa).
McGarty, C., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Spears, R. (2002). Stereotypes as explanations. Stereotypes as explanations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/ cbo9780511489877 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511489877
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s mass communication theory (6.a ed.). Londres: SAGE.
Nunes, C. (2018, 8 dezembro) Ritz, Dolce & Gabbana e a China loucamente rica. Vida Extra Expresso. Consultado a 26 setembro 2019, em https://vidaextra.expresso.pt/cronicas/2018-12-08-Ritz-Dolce--Gabbana-e-a-China-loucamente-rica
Olson, J. M., Maio, G. R., & Hobden, K. L. (1999). The (null) effects of exposure to disparagement humor on stereotypes and attitudes. Humor, 12(2), 195–219. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1999.12.2.195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.1999.12.2.195
Pinto Costa, J. (2014, 12 novembro). Vistos ‘gold’. Sábado. Consultado a 28 setembro 2019, em https://www.sabado.pt/opiniao/cronistas/joao-pinto-costa/detalhe/Vistos--gold-
Pinto-Martinho, A., Paisana, M., & Cardoso, G. (2019). Portugal. In N. Newman, R. Fletcher, A. Kalogeropoulos & R. K. Nielsen (Eds.), Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019 (pp. 102–103). Oxford: Reuters Institute. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Preconceito. (s.d.). In Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa. Consultado em março 20, 2019, em https://dicionario.priberam.org/preconceito
Portolés, J., & Yates, J. (2014). The theory of argumentation within language and its application to discourse analysis. In I. O. Moreno, Ó. L. Lamas & M. Casado (Eds.), Language use in public sphere (pp. 201–224). Bern: Peter Lang.
Rosengren, K. E. (1994). Culture, media and society: agency and structure,continuity and change. In K. E. Rosengren (Ed.), Media effects and beyond (pp. 2–24). London: Routledge.
Rüdiger, F. (2011). As Teorias da Comunicação. São Paulo: Artmed.
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (2002). Understanding intercultural communication: An introduction and overview. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader (10.a ed., pp. 6–17). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning.
Semin, R., Gil de Montes, L., & Valencia, J. F. (2003). Communication constraints on the linguistic intergroup bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00523-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00523-1
Seymour, M. (1984). [Resenha do livro L’argumentation dans la langue, de Jean-C. Anscombre e O. Ducrot]. Dialogue, 23(3), 514–517. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012217300045248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012217300045248
Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (2014). Mediating the message in the 21st century (3.a ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2015.1128183 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2015.1128183
Stroebe, W., & Insko, C. A. (1989). Stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination: Changing conceptions in theory and research. In C. Strangor & C. S. Crandall (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice (pp. 3–34). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9780203567708 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3582-8_1
Wenneker, C. P. J., & Wigboldus, D. (2007). A Model of Biased Language Use. In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler & P. Freytag (Eds.), Stereotype dynamics: Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and transformation of stereotypes (pp. 165–188). Nova Iorque: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Marta Costa, Bruna Peixoto
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
