Stories of stories: Thinking normalcy through the narratives of hospital clowns’ encounters with children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/childstudies.6054Keywords:
Hospital clowns, humanistic psychology, abordagem articulada, autoethnography, normalcyAbstract
The "Stories of Stories" project by Operação Nariz Vermelho explores the impact of Clown Doctors in hospitals and their potential to enhance artistic interventions. Using an autoethnographic approach, it analyses narratives from artists’ reports on their interactions with children and adolescents in Portuguese hospitals. The study highlights two central themes: the concept of "normalcy" and mental health in hospital settings. It suggests that hospital clowns create a symbolic space that empowers children, respects their autonomy, and fosters emotional well-being, aligning with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The findings underscore the psychosocial benefits of these interventions, emphasising their role in humanising hospital care and supporting children’s identities beyond their diagnoses. This research calls for deeper investigation into the broader impact of artistic interventions in healthcare.
References
Adams, T., Jones, S. L. H., & Ellis, C. (2015). Autoethnography: Understanding Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mind blindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press.
Bowlby, J. (1983). Attachment and loss. Basic Books.
Caires, S. & Ribeiro, S. (2016). Laughing is the best medicine? Operação Nariz Vermelho.
Campbell, D. T. (1974). Evolutionary epistemology. In P. A. Schilpp (Ed.), The philosophy of Karl Popper (Vol. 14, Book I, pp. 413–463). Open Court.
Canguilhem, G. (2013). Le normal et le pathologique. Presses Universitaires de France.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). CDC’s developmental milestones. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html
Charon, R. (2006). Narrative medicine: Honouring the stories of illness. Oxford University Press.
Dionigi, A., Sangiorgi, D., & Flangini, R. (2014). Clown intervention to reduce preoperative anxiety in children and parents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 369-380. http://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312471567
Dionigi, A. (2017). Clowning as a complementary approach for reducing iatrogenic effects in paediatrics. AMA Journal of Ethics, 19, 775-782. https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.8.stas1-1708
Edelglass, W. (2006). Levinas on suffering and compassion. Sophia, 45, 43–59. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02782480
Evans, B. (2017). The metamorphosis of autism. Manchester University Press.
Fernandes, S. C. & Arriaga, P. (2010). The effects of clown intervention and emotional responses in children on surgery. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 405-415. http://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309350231
Freire, P. (2017). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Penguin Classics.
Goffman, E. (1986). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Touchstone.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2, 163-194, 105.
Haque, O. S., & Waytz, A. (2012). Dehumanization in medicine. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 176-186. http://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611429706
Hill, C. E. & Knox, S. (2021). Essentials of consensual qualitative research. American Psychological Association.
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications.
May, K. (2018). Autism from the inside. Aeon Magazine. https://aeon.co/essays/the-autistic-view-of-the-world-is-not-the-neurotypical-cliche
May, R. (1983). The discovery of being. Norton.
Maslow, A. H. (1962). Toward a psychology of being. Van Nostrand.
Milton, D. E. M. (2012). On the ontological status of autism: The ‘double empathy problem’. Disability & Society, 27, 883–887. http://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.710008
Mitchell, P., Sheppard, E., & Cassidy, S. (2021). Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health. The British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12350
Mjøset, L. (2009). The contextualist approach to social science methodology. In Byrne, D. and Ragin, C.C. (Eds), The Sage Handbook of Case-Based Methods. Sage Publications.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022). Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism-spectrum-disorder.
Ridley, M. (2004). Nature via nurture. Harper Perennial.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Houghton Mifflin.
Scharoun, S. M., & Bryden, P. J. (2014). Hand preference, performance abilities, and hand selection in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 82. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00082
Sholl, J. (2020). Health in Philosophy: Definitions Abound but a Theory Awaits. In: Sholl, J., Rattan, S.I. (eds) Explaining Health Across the Sciences. Healthy Ageing and Longevity, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52663-4_6
Simonds, C. (1999). Clowning in hospitals is no joke. BMJ, 18, 319 (7212). http://doi.org/ 10.1136/bmj.319.7212.792a.
Smith, H.W. (1975). Strategies of social research: The methodological imagination. Prentice-Hall.
Solomon, A. (2012). Far from the tree: Parents, children, and the search for identity. Scribner.
Spry, T. (2001). Performing autoethnography: An embodied methodological praxis. Qualitative Inquiry, 7, 706-732. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040100700605
Sridharan, K. & Sivaramakrishnan, G. (2016). Therapeutic Clowns in paediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Paediatrics, 175, 1353-1360. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-016-2764-0
Roskvist, H., Chown, N., & Stenning, A. (2022). Neurodiversity studies: A new critical paradigm. Routledge.
Taylor, E. (1991). William James and the Humanistic Tradition. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 31, 56-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167891311006
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, November 20. (1989). https://www.ohchr.org/en
Vácha J. (1985). German constitutional doctrine in the 1920s and 1930s and pitfalls of the contemporary conception of normality in biology and medicine. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 10, 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/10.4.339
Wilson, M. A. (2017). Medical clowning: An embodiment of transgressive play. Journal of Childhood Studies, 42, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v42i3.17894
Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. Routledge.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Inês Peceguina, Iêda Alcântara , António Gonzalez

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
